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Costa Rica History

Costa Rica, officially the Republic of Costa Rica in Spanish: Costa Rica or Costa Republic Rica, pronounced [re? Pu? Likaðe? Kosta? Rika]), is a republic in Central America, bordered by Nicaragua to the north, Panama to the east-southeast Ocean Pacific to the west and south, and the Caribbean Sea to the east. Costa Rica was the first country to abolish the constitution of his army. Costa Rica is one of the safest countries in Latin America and now the Spanish-speaking country in the world's poor, with lower poverty rates in Spain and other developed countries and levels of urbanization is similar to countries like Finland and Norway. In 2007, the Government of Costa Rica said it wants to be the first developing country to become carbon neutral 2021.
The first European to reach what is now Costa Rica was Christopher Columbus in 1502 [4]. in pre-Columbian Aboriginal population, now known as Costa Rica, were part of the area between Central America and the Andean Community cultural regions. This has recently been updated to include the influence of the area isthmo-Colombian.
It was the point where the Mesoamerican and South American native cultures met. The Northwest, Nicoya Peninsula, was the southernmost point of Nahuatl (Named after Nitin) cultural influence when the Spanish conquistadores (conquerors) arrived in the sixteenth century. The central and southern parts of the country had Chibcha influences. But indigenous people have influenced modern culture of Costa Rica in a relatively low level, as most of them died from diseases like smallpox and abuse by the Spanish.
During the Spanish colonial period, the main city in Central America was Guatemala City. Costa Rica from the center led to the difficulty in establishing trade routes and was one of the reasons that Costa Ricans developed in relative isolation and with little oversight from the Spanish monarchy ("La Corona"). While this isolation allowed the colony to develop without the intervention of the Crown, has also contributed to its failure to share prosperity of the colonies, Costa Rica the poorest Spanish colony in Central America [6]. Costa Rica has been described as "poor and miserable colony of all Spanish in the Americas "by a Spanish governor in 1719 [7].
Another contributing factor to this poverty is the lack of indigenous peoples to the use of hand forced labor. While many Spanish colonies in the other tribe members had to work their land, most of the settlers of Costa Rica had to work their land. For all these reasons, Costa Rica was largely ignored and forgotten by the Crown and left to develop on its own. It is believed that the circumstances during this period was the formation of most of the features that Costa Rica has become known for, while at the same time prepare the ground for the development of Costa Rica as a more egalitarian society than the rest of their neighbors. Costa Rica has become a "rural democracy" with no oppressed mestizo class or Aborigines. It was not long before Spanish settlers turned to the hills, where they found rich volcanic soil and a climate that was milder than the plain.
Costa Rica joined other Central American provinces in 1821 in a joint declaration of independence from Spain. After a brief moment in the Mexican Empire of Agustín de Iturbide Costa Rica became a state in the Federal Republic of Central America from 1823 to 1839. In 1824 the capital was moved to San José, but due to intense rivalry with Cartago, violence kept brief. Although the newly independent provinces formed a Federation, border disputes broke out between them, adding to the region turbulent history and conditions.
Costa Rica's membership in the new Federal Republic of Central America, now free of Spanish rule, was short-lived in 1838, long after the Central American Federation ceased to function in practice, Costa Rica formally withdrew and proclaimed itself sovereign. City Distance of Guatemala to the central valley of Costa Rica, where most of the population lived and still lives, was great. The local population had little allegiance to government Guatemala City, in part because of the history of isolation during the colonial time. Costa Rica disinterest in participating as a province of a greater Central American government was a factor factor in the breakup of the federation into independent states emerging, which still exist today. However, all Central American countries still celebrate September 15th day of independence, respect for the independence of Central America from Spain.
Most Afro-Costa Ricans, who represent about 3% of the population, to Jamaican immigrants who arrived in the 1880s to work in railway construction linking the cities the people of the central plateau to the port of Limon on the Caribbean coast. U.S. and condemned the Chinese immigrants also participated in the construction project, conducted by U.S. Business Minor C. Keith. In exchange for the completion of the railway, the Government of Costa Rica granted Keith large tracts of land and a lease on the train route, which was used to produce bananas for export to the United States. Accordingly, bananas came to rival coffee as the main export product Costa Rica, while enterprises with foreign capital (including United Fruit Company) began organizing an important role in the national economy.
Historically, Costa Rica has experienced more in general, great peace and political stability is more consistent with many of his Latin American colleagues. Since the late nineteenth century, however, Costa Rica has experienced two major periods of violence. In 1917-19, Federico Tinoco Granados ruled as a dictator until he was overthrown and forced into exile. One more time in 1948, José Figueres Ferrer led an armed uprising in the wake of a disputed presidential election. With more than 2,000 deaths, which is 44 days in Costa Rica Civil War was the bloodiest in the history of Costa Rica during the twentieth century. Then, the new junta led by the opposition victory, abolished the military and oversaw the drafting of a new constitution by a democratically elected assembly. After the adoption of these reforms, the regime finally relinquished his power to November 8, 1949 the new democratic government. After the coup, Figueres became a national hero by winning the first country democratic elections under the new constitution in 1953. Since then, Costa Rica has held 12 presidential elections, the last being in 2006. Everyone has been very well regarded by the international community peaceful, transparent and relatively smooth transitions.
Geography
Costa Rica is located in the Central American isthmus, 10 ° north of Ecuador and the meridian 84 ° W origin. It borders the Caribbean Sea (east) and North Pacific Ocean (west), with a total of 1,290 kilometers (802 miles) coast (212 km / 132 km off the coast of the Caribbean and 1.016 km / 631 km in the Pacific). Is the size of West Virginia and shares the reputation of the state excellent kayak for whitewater rafting opportunities.

In Savegre River, just below San Gerardo de Dota in the Talamanca highlands of Costa Rica.
Two of the most famous rivers of the country, in this regard are the Rio Pacuare and the Rio Reventazon, near the city of Turrialba, about two hours east of San Jose. Other notable whitewater areas are the Sarapiqui Valley area, several Pacific Coast rivers near Quepos, and the drainage area of the South Pacific around San Isidro de General.
Costa Rica also borders Nicaragua North (309 km / 192 miles from the border) and Panama to the south-southeast (639 km / 397 miles from the border). In total, Costa Rica is 51,100 square kilometers (19.730 square kilometers) and 589.000 km ² of territorial waters.
country's highest point is Cerro Chirripó to 3,810 meters (12,500 feet) and is the fifth peak in Central America. The highest volcano in the country is the Irazu volcano (3431 m / 11,257 m). The largest lake in Costa Rica is Lake Arenal.
Costa Rica also includes various islands. Cocos Island stands out for its distance from continental landmass (24 km ² / 9.25 miles square, 500 km or 300 km from Puntarenas coast), Calero, but the island is the island's largest (151.6 km ² / 58.5 sq miles).
Costa Rica protects 23% of its national territory in the protected area system. It also has the highest density of species in the world

Policy
Costa Rica is a republic democracy with a strong constitution. Though some argue that the country had more than 115 years of uninterrupted democracy, their presidential election history, the exception proving the contrary (see list of Presidents of Costa Rica). However, the country has had at least fifty-nine years of uninterrupted democracy, becoming one the most stable countries in the region. Costa Rica has been able to avoid the widespread violence that has plagued most of Central America.
Executive responsibilities are vested in a President who is the center of power in the country. There are also two vice presidents and a cabinet appointed by the president. The president, vice presidents, fifty-seven delegates to the Legislative Assembly are elected for a term of four years. A constitutional amendment passed in 1969 limited presidents and delegates to a single term, although delegates were allowed to run for seats in the Assembly after sitting in a term.
In April 2003, the constitutional prohibition presidential re-election was reversed, allowing Óscar Arias (Nobel Peace Prize, 1987) to the presidency for a second term. In 2006, Oscar Arias was reelected in a tight and hotly contested election, running on a platform of promoting free trade. He took office May 8, 2006. autonomous agencies of government have operational independence, and include telecom monopoly power, nationalized commercial banks, the state monopoly of insurance and social security agency. Coast Rica has no army in the constitution but maintains domestic police forces for internal security. These include the Guardia Civil and the Guardia Rural.
Others current political issues include security, crime, and the limitation of large-scale immigration to the people of Nicaragua.
Provinces and cantons

Costa Rica is composed of seven provinces, which in turn is divided into 81 cantons ("Canton" in Spanish, plural "cantons"), each headed by a mayor. Mayors are chosen democratically every four years by people from each municipality. There are no provincial legislatures.
1. Alajuela
2. Cartago
3. Guanacaste
4. Heredia
5. Lemon
6. Puntarenas
7. San Jose
Economy
Costa Rica is one of the most popular tourist destinations the world and is one of the main engines of the economy of Costa Rica. With 1.9 billion U.S. dollars a year tourism industry, Costa Rica comes as the nation seen in Central America, with 1.9 million foreign visitors in 2007, reaching a rate of foreign tourists per capita of 0.46, one of the highest in the Caribbean Basin. Most tourists come from the United States (54%) and the European Union (14%), resulting in relatively high expenditure per tourist of $ 1000 per trip. In 2005, tourism contributed 8.1% of GNP of the country and represented 13.3% of jobs directly and indirectly. Although there is a general slowdown the world economy, it is slow in Costa Rica. The following information comes from the Ministry of Tourism.
Tourism in Costa Rica is still
strong despite slowdown in the U.S.
"Tourism growth remains strong in January 2008, despite fears that economic slowdown in the U.S. could put a curb this year.
Measured by traffic at the Juan Santamaria and Daniel Oduber Quiros International Airport, tourism increased by 13.7% compared to January 2007.
In raw numbers, is 145,145 tourist arrivals last month at the airports, a figure Tourism Minister Carlos Benavides called "bottom with the right foot. "Visitors to Costa Rica in 2007 increased 11.5% over the previous year's figures."
Ecotourism is extremely popular tourists who visit the great national parks and protected areas throughout the country. Costa Rica was a pioneer in this type of tourism and the country is recognized as one of the few real ecotourism. In terms of Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Index in 2007, Costa Rica has reached the 41st place in the world ranking, being the first among the countries American. In considering the subindex measuring human resources, cultural Natural, Costa Rica is ranked 20th in the world.

Costa Rica is a tourist destination has become one of the most active markets in the real world for a number of reasons. Many Americans find it more convenient to travel to Costa Rica to spend time and money. Costa Rica is one of the safest places in the world and has one of the most stable economies in the world. They have no standing army, which was disbanded in 1948, can not be the dictator in power and the use of armed forces to remain in power as is the case with many other dictatorial countries.
In addition, the dollar weakened travel against the euro after the European countries has become extremely expensive. But Costa Rica, the dollar still goes a long way. I just returned from a trip to the coast and was able to find a room in a rustic motel for $ 15.00 per night. Thus, the number of millions of tourists coming to Costa Rica for the purchase or construction many holiday homes villas houses. This is the origin Costa Rica to be the hottest property market in the world according to a recent news segment on MSNBC. Billions dollars flowing into the land of the country, which has led to a resurgence in all matters related to it, construction, hotels, shopping centers, restaurants, office buildings, supermarkets, telecommunications and many other small businesses that are needed to meet the growing communities.
Business
The central government offers tax breaks for those who are willing to invest in the country. Several global high tech companies have already begun to develop in the field Export of goods including chip manufacturer Intel, pharmaceutical company GlaxoSmithKline, and consumer products company Procter & Gamble. The trade with Southeast Asia and Russia has grown during 2004 and 2005, and the country must obtain full Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation forum (APEC) membership in 2007 (the country became an observer in 2004).
For fiscal year 2005, the country has shown a deficit of 2.1%, internal revenue increased 18% and exports increased by 12.8%. Revised economic figures released by Central Bank indicate that economic growth stood at 5% without But the country faced high inflation (14%) and a trade deficit of 5.2%.
In recent times electronics, pharmaceuticals, financial outsourcing, software development, and ecotourism have become the choice of industry in the economy of Costa Rica. High levels of education of its people make this country an attractive place for investment.
The currency is the colon (CRC), trade around 503 U.S. dollar, currently some 756 to the euro. On October 16, 2006, a currency exchange system was introduced a new, allowing the value of the CRC to float between two bands as previously Colon Chile. The idea is that by doing so, the central bank will be able to better tackle inflation and discourage the use of U.S. dollars. Since then, the value of the colon against the dollar has stabilized.
Costa Rica, offers easy access to U.S. markets where it has the same time zone as the central part of the United States and direct ocean access in Europe and Asia. A nationwide referendum AA approved a free trade agreement with the United States.
Foreign Affairs
Costa Rica an active member of the Nations Nations and the Organization of American States. The Inter-American Court of Human Rights and Peace University United Nations are based in Costa Rica. Costa Rica is also a State member of other international organizations dealing with human rights and democracy.
Costa Rica's main objective is to promote the foreign policy human rights and sustainability as a means of ensuring stability and growth.
Costa Rica is also a member of the International Criminal Court, without a Bilateral Agreement Immunity for the protection of U.S. military (Referred to in Article 98).
On June 1, 2007, Costa Rica broke relations with the Republic of China Taiwan, the transition to the People's Republic of China Mainland.
Flora and fauna
Costa Rica hosts a rich variety of plants and animals. While the country has only 0.1% of the landmass of the planet, which contains 5% of the biodiversity in the world. Approximately 23% of Costa Rica is composed of protected forests and reserves.
A national park is internationally renowned among ecologists for its biodiversity (including big cats and tapirs) and where visitors can expect to see an abundance of wildlife is the Corcovado National Park. [26] [27]
Clay-colored Robin is Costa Rica's national bird.
Tortuguero National Park - the name Tortuguero can be translated as "full of turtles" - is home to spider, howler and capuchin monkeys white collar, three-toed sloth, 320 species of birds (including eight species of parrots), a variety of reptiles, but is best known for the annual nesting green turtle and is considered the most important nesting site for this species. Giant leatherback, turtle nesting turtles, loggerhead nesting and also here.
The Monteverde Reserve is home to about 2,000 species of plants, [28], including many orchids. Over four hundred species of birds can be found here, and over a hundred species of mammals [29]. Overall, about eight hundred species birds have been identified in Costa Rica. The National Biodiversity Institute (INBio) is authorized to collect fees on biological discoveries of medical importance.
Demography
According to the CIA World Factbook, Costa Rica has a population of 4,133,884 with 94% are mestizos or whites, 3% black, 1% Native American, Chinese 1% and 1% other. The exact amount, however, is not known because the Census of Costa Rica combines mestizos and whites in one category. The white population is mainly of Spanish with a large number of origin of Costa Rica Italian, German, Jewish and Polish. Unlike their neighboring populations, less mixing of Spanish settlers and indigenous peoples took place. Therefore, vast majority of Costa Ricans are of Spanish descent or mestizo mixed
Less than 3% of the population is of black African origin. Most Puerto Ricans are descendents of African Creole English nineteenth-century Costa black Jamaican immigrant workers and slaves as they have done over the slave trade in the Atlantic.
The native Amerindian population of around 1%, more than 41,000 people. In Province Guanacaste an important part of the population is a mixture of bi-racial local Indians and the Spanish. There is also an expatriate community of all persons ages from the United States, Canada, Germany, Holland, Britain and other countries, particularly in the areas of Escazu Central Valley.
Coast Rica hosts many refugees, mainly from Colombia and Nicaragua. Consequently, it is estimated that 10% and 15% of the population Costa Rica is composed of Nicaraguans, most of whom migrate for seasonal work opportunities and then return to their country. There is also a growing number of refugees Peru. In addition, Costa Rica took in many refugees from a number of other Latin American countries fleeing civil wars and dictatorships in the 1970s and 80s - notably from Chile and Argentina, and those of El Salvador who fled the guerrilla squads government death.
Religion
Christianity is the predominant religion in Costa Rica, and Roman Catholicism is the official state religion as guaranteed by the Constitution of 1949. About 92% of Costa Ricans are Christian and like many other parts of Latin America, Protestant denominations experienced rapid growth. However, three in four Costa Ricans still adhere to Catholicism.
Due to recent immigration of small but continuous communities in Asia, Middle East and other places, other religions have developed, the most popular being Buddhism (Because a growing community of China 40,000), and a smaller number of Jews, Hindus, Baha'is and followers.
There is a Jewish synagogue, Congregation Bnei Israel, San Jose, near the Parque Metropolitano La Sabana. Several houses in the neighborhood east of Parque Metropolitano La Sabana decorated the Star of David and other recognizable symbols Jewish [35].
The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints has grown modest Costa Rica in the last 40 years and has built one of the two temples Central America in San Antonio de Belen Heredia.

Language
The only official language is Spanish. There are two main accents native to Costa Rica, Costa Nicoya Rica and standard. The emphasis Nicoyan accent is very similar to standard in Nicaragua, due in part to its proximity. A notable difference in the pronunciation of Costa Rica includes a start [phoneme r] progressive and double trill is not as usual in the Spanish speaking world ..
Jamaican immigrants in the 19th century have brought with them a dialect of English that has evolved in the Creole dialect Mekatelyu.
Marriage
Because Roman Catholicism is the official language of the religion of State but only religious marriages are legally recognized by the government. Anyone wishing to marry outside the Catholic church must hire a lawyer exercise and then register their civil wedding for them. The legal age for Arriaga Costa Rica is 18 years old, the age of consent is 15.
Puerto often refer to themselves themselves as tico (masculine) or tica (feminine). "Tico" comes from the popular use of local "Tico" and "tica" as diminutive suffixes (eg "Time" instead of "a moment"). The phrase "Pura Vida" (literally "Pure Life") is a ubiquitous motto in Costa Rica. Some young people consume Mae, a contraction of "Mash" (mae means "Guy / dude") to refer to each other, although this could be perceived as an insult to the previous generation has been synonymous with Maje "stupid" (Tonto).
Costa Rica has a turbulent history. Costa Rica was the point at which the cultures of Mesoamerica and South America encountered native. The Northwest, Nicoya Peninsula, was the southernmost point of Nahuatl influence cultural when the Spanish conquistadors (conquerors) arrived in the sixteenth century. The central and southern parts of the country had Chibcha influences.
The Atlantic coast, meanwhile, has been populated with African workers in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. Most afro Costa Ricans, however, from the nineteenth century, workers in Jamaica, brought to work in the construction of railroads between the urban population in the Central Plateau and the port of Limon on the Caribbean coast. Italian and Chinese immigrants also reached this time to work on railway construction.
Music
Costa Rica Music popular genres include indigenous Calypso scene that the audience is different from more widely known Trinidadian calypso sound that supports nightclubs in cities like San Jose. American and British rock and roll and pop are very popular and common among youth (especially urban youth) while dance-oriented genres like soca, salsa, merengue, cumbia and Tex-Mex are also attractive. Many dances and music of Costa Rica proved to be African, Columbian, and Spanish influence. The guitar is a popular tool, especially as an accompaniment to folk dances.

The literacy rate in Costa Rica is 96% (CIA World Factbook, February 2007), one of the highest in Latin America. The primary and secondary schools throughout the country in almost every community. Universal public education is guaranteed by the Constitution. Education is compulsory, and both preschool and secondary education are free. There are two public and private universities.
There are only a few schools in Costa Rica that go beyond 12 years. The schools end at grade 11 receive a Baccalaureate of Costa Rica accredited by the Ministry of Education of Costa Rica.
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